{"id":3277,"date":"2011-06-01T10:30:05","date_gmt":"2011-06-01T07:30:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/?p=3277"},"modified":"2011-06-01T10:30:05","modified_gmt":"2011-06-01T07:30:05","slug":"factorii-genetici-care-cresc-productia-de-lapte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/?p=3277","title":{"rendered":"Factorii genetici care cresc produc\u0163ia de lapte"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/06\/DSC022861_artBig.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/06\/DSC022861_artBig.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DSC022861_artBig\" width=\"268\" height=\"201\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3278\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Pentru oieri, anul 2010 s-a caracterizat prin cre\u015fterea deficitului de for\u0163\u0103 de munc\u0103, oblig\u00e2nd un mare num\u0103r de cresc\u0103tori s\u0103 renun\u0163e la mulsul oilor \u015fi s\u0103 treac\u0103 la \u00een\u0163\u0103rcare foarte tardiv\u0103 (la 4-5 luni) sau auto\u00een\u0163\u0103rcarea mieilor (6-7 luni). Aceast\u0103 situa\u0163ie a condus la sc\u0103derea accentuat\u0103 a produc\u0163iei de lapte de oaie, \u00een \u0163ara noastr\u0103<\/p>\n<p>Principale \u0163\u0103ri produc\u0103toare de lapte de oaie din Uniunea European\u0103, Italia, Fran\u0163a \u015fi mai pu\u0163in Grecia, au \u00eenregistrat \u00een ultimii patru ani sc\u0103deri importante de efective \u015fi totodat\u0103 ale produc\u0163iei totale de lapte de oaie.<\/p>\n<p>Prin urmare, \u00een viitorul apropiat este de a\u015fteptat ca, at\u00e2t \u00een \u0163ara noastr\u0103 c\u00e2t \u015fi \u00een \u0163\u0103rile din vestul Europei, pre\u0163urile la br\u00e2nzeturile de oaie s\u0103 creasc\u0103 semnificativ.<\/p>\n<p>Peste pu\u0163in timp, perioada de f\u0103t\u0103ri la oi se \u00eencheie. De acum, oile f\u0103tate intr\u0103 \u00een perioada de lacta\u0163ie care se \u00eemparte \u00een perioada de al\u0103ptare a mieilor, foarte scurt\u0103 la oile specializate pentru lapte (0-45 zile), \u015fi perioada de muls.<\/p>\n<p>Pe parcursul ultimelor consf\u0103tuiri pe care le-am avut cu cresc\u0103torii de oi am observat c\u0103 ace\u015ftia folosesc tot mai des expresia \u201dam oi cu genetic\u0103 bun\u0103\u201d, desigur cu referite la ovinele cu performan\u0163e productive superioare. Se cade ca, \u00een acest context al perioadei de lacta\u0163ie a ovinelor \u015fi al discu\u0163iilor despre caracteristicile lor productive, s\u0103 prezint principalii factori genetici care influen\u0163eaz\u0103 produc\u0163ia total\u0103 de lapte la oaie.<\/p>\n<p>Rasa<\/p>\n<p>Influen\u0163eaz\u0103 \u00een limite foarte largi at\u00e2t cantitatea, c\u00e2t \u015fi calitatea laptelui \u00een cadrul aceluia\u015fi tip fiziologic, chiar dac\u0103 animalele au fost \u00eentre\u0163inute \u00een condi\u0163ii similare.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen func\u0163ie de cantitatea de lapte pe lacta\u0163ie, rasele de ovine se clasific\u0103 \u00een patru grupe, astfel:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 specializate, cu peste 201 l lapte (Friz\u0103, Awassi, Lacaune, Sard\u0103, Oaia britanic\u0103 de lapte, Chios, Langhe, Mytilene etc.);<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 cu produc\u0163ii bune ce se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00eentre 101 \u015fi 200 l lapte (Cap negru de Teleorman, \u0162igaie ameliorat\u0103, \u0162urcan\u0103 ameliorat\u0103, Merinos de Palas, Biella, Comiso, Vlakiko etc.);<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 cu produc\u0163ii mijlocii \u00eentre 61 \u015fi 100 l lapte (Merinos de Transilvania, Spanc\u0103, Sicilian\u0103, Kivircik, Bluefaced Leicester etc.);<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 cu produc\u0163ii mici ce realizeaz\u0103 sub 60 l lapte (Karakul, rase derivate din Merinos Australian, unele rase engleze\u015fti de carne etc.).<\/p>\n<p>Calitatea laptelui de oaie exprimat\u0103 prin componen\u0163ii chimici poate prezenta diferen\u0163e, \u00een func\u0163ie de ras\u0103, de cca. 20%.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, supuse unui experiment, rase de oi apropiate filogenetic, \u00eentre\u0163inute \u00een acelea\u015fi condi\u0163ii, au avut un procent de gr\u0103sime diferit: \u0162urcana brum\u0103rie &#8211; 6,5% \u015fi rasa Karakul &#8211; 8%.<br \/>\n\u00cen general, rasele de oi cu produc\u0163ii mari de lapte prezint\u0103 un procent de gr\u0103sime mai mic (Friz\u0103 &#8211; 6,3%).<\/p>\n<p>Varietatea<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cadrul unor rase s-au format variet\u0103\u0163i care difer\u0103 mult prin cantitatea de lapte realizat\u0103 pe o lacta\u0163ie. La rasa \u0162igaie, varietatea Ruginie \u015fi cea Buc\u0103laie dau produc\u0163ii mai ridicate de lapte dec\u00e2t \u0162igaia varietatea alb\u0103 sau neagr\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Ecotipul<\/p>\n<p>La unele rase \u015fi variet\u0103\u0163i s-au format ecotipuri consolidate genetic cu produc\u0163ii ridicate de lapte. Rasa \u0162urcan\u0103 varietatea alb\u0103 ecotipul de Sibiu realizeaz\u0103 produc\u0163ii mult mai mari fa\u0163\u0103 de ecotipul \u0162urcan\u0103 alb\u0103 din Apuseni. De asemenea, \u00een cadrul rasei \u0162igaie varietatea Buc\u0103laie, ecotipul de Banat \u015fi \u0162igaia ruginie ecotipul de Covasna realizeaz\u0103 produc\u0163ii mai ridicate comparativ cu celelalte ecotipuri ale acestor variet\u0103\u0163i.<\/p>\n<p>Unele ecotipuri au grupuri mai mari de oi, denumite popula\u0163ii, care se disting prin produc\u0163ii mai ridicate de lapte.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen zona Caransebe\u015fului s-a format o popula\u0163ie distinct\u0103 de oi \u0162urcane albe cu l\u00e2n\u0103 ondulat\u0103, denumite local Oi cre\u0163e de Caransebe\u015f, mai performante pentru produc\u0163ia de lapte.<\/p>\n<p>La rasa \u0162urcan\u0103 s-au consolidat \u00eenc\u0103 dou\u0103 popula\u0163ii cu produc\u0163ii mai mari de lapte \u00een zona V\u0103ii Jiului, \u0162urcana de Jie\u0163 sau \u0162urcana breaz\u0103, cu o brez\u0103tur\u0103 pe fa\u0163\u0103, iar \u00een zona Slatina \u0162urcana de Brastav\u0103\u0163u cu l\u00e2n\u0103 alb\u0103 dar capul \u015fi g\u00e2tul colorat.<\/p>\n<p>Aceste popula\u0163ii pot fi punctul de plecare pentru a crea rase rom\u00e2ne\u015fti de ovine specializate pentru produc\u0163ia de lapte.<\/p>\n<p>Individul<\/p>\n<p>Varia\u0163ia individual\u0103 a produc\u0163iei de lapte \u00een turmele neselec\u0163ionate de ovine de aceea\u015fi v\u00e2rst\u0103, ras\u0103 \u015fi \u00eentre\u0163inute \u00een acelea\u015fi condi\u0163ii dep\u0103\u015fe\u015fte diferen\u0163ele medii dintre rase privind produc\u0163ia de lapte. Astfel, \u00een aceste turme s-au g\u0103sit oi cu produc\u0163ii medii pe lacta\u0163ie cuprinse \u00eentre 25 \u015fi 250 kg, rezult\u00e2nd un raport \u00eentre aceste produc\u0163ii de 1\/10 &#8211; mult mai mare dec\u00e2t \u00een cazul vacilor de lapte (1\/4 &#8211; 1\/5).<\/p>\n<p>\u015ei \u00een activitatea practic\u0103 s-a observat c\u0103 chiar \u00een condi\u0163ii bune de \u00eentre\u0163inere sunt oi care an de an dau o produc\u0163ie de lapte foarte sc\u0103zut\u0103, neput\u00e2nd s\u0103-\u015fi creasc\u0103 mielul.<\/p>\n<p>Variabilitatea mare a cantit\u0103\u0163ii de lapte semnalat\u0103 mai frecvent la oi are drept cauz\u0103 neglijarea selec\u0163iei, ca mijloc de ameliorare a acestei \u00eensu\u015firi.<\/p>\n<p>O \u00eensemnat\u0103 varia\u0163ie individual\u0103 o prezint\u0103 \u015fi principalii componen\u0163i ai laptelui, dintre care se deta\u015feaz\u0103 procentul de gr\u0103sime. Variabilitatea individual\u0103 este rezultatul unui poten\u0163ial genetic diferit de la un individ la altul, aceasta fiind o surs\u0103 real\u0103 de ameliorare prin selec\u0163ie (h2 = 0,3) a caracterului respectiv.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen final, apreciez c\u0103 avem efective de oi performante pentru produc\u0163ia de lapte, reprezentate prin rasele Cap negru de Teleorman, \u0162igaia ruginie de Covasna, \u0162urcana Crea\u0163\u0103 de Caransebe\u015f, \u0162urcana de Jie\u0163 (breaz\u0103), \u0162urcana de Brastav\u0103\u0163u \u015fi altele.<\/p>\n<p>POTEN\u0162IAL GENETIC EXIST\u0102<\/p>\n<p>Studii aprofundate au demonstrat c\u0103 poten\u0163ialul lactogen al raselor de ovine din \u0163ara noastr\u0103 este mai ridicat dec\u00e2t produc\u0163ia realizat\u0103. Prin asigurarea unei furaj\u0103ri \u00een func\u0163ie de starea fiziologic\u0103 la nivelul necesarului, prin organizarea controlului produc\u0163iei de lapte \u015fi optimizarea celorlal\u0163i factori, produc\u0163ia de lapte, \u00een special la rasele \u0162igaie \u015fi \u0162urcan\u0103, poate cre\u015fte foarte mult \u00een turmele neselec\u0163ionate.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen acest sens, conving\u0103toare sunt rezultatele ob\u0163inute la o ferm\u0103 de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Debrecen (Ungaria), care a importat din Rom\u00e2nia 1000 oi \u0162urcane de talie mai mic\u0103 din zona Mun\u0163ilor Apuseni \u015fi care, \u00eentre\u0163inute \u00een condi\u0163ii bune \u015fi furajate la nivelul necesarului, au produs 1-1,2 litri de lapte pe zi \u015fi pe cap de oaie \u015fi circa 150-200 l lapte\/lacta\u0163ie.<\/p>\n<p>Ioan P\u0103deanu<br \/>\n sursa : http:\/\/www.revista-ferma.ro\/articole-zootehnie\/factorii-genetici-care-cresc-productia-de-lapte.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pentru oieri, anul 2010 s-a caracterizat prin cre\u015fterea deficitului de for\u0163\u0103 de munc\u0103, oblig\u00e2nd un mare num\u0103r de cresc\u0103tori s\u0103 renun\u0163e la mulsul oilor \u015fi s\u0103 treac\u0103 la \u00een\u0163\u0103rcare foarte tardiv\u0103 (la 4-5 luni) sau auto\u00een\u0163\u0103rcarea mieilor (6-7 luni). Aceast\u0103 situa\u0163ie a condus la sc\u0103derea accentuat\u0103 a produc\u0163iei de lapte de oaie, \u00een \u0163ara noastr\u0103<br \/>\nPrincipale [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[606,608,604,605,609,602,603,607,610],"class_list":["post-3277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general","tag-factori-lapte-oaie","tag-genetica-lapte","tag-genetica-oi","tag-influente-lapte-oaie","tag-lapte-oaie","tag-lapte-oi","tag-lapte-ovine","tag-potential-genetic-oi","tag-productie-lapte"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3277","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3277"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3277\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3279,"href":"https:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3277\/revisions\/3279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3277"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3277"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.primariacorbi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3277"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}